Portrait of Emory S. Bogardus
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Scholar Profile · Leadership Theory

Environmental Theories

Mumford (1909) · Bogardus (1918) · 1909–1918 · Time, Place & Circumstance

Leadership emerges from time, place & circumstance.

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Room I
The Person

Eben Mumford, an early University of Chicago–trained sociologist, published the first sociological treatment of leadership's origins in the American Journal of Sociology. Emory S. Bogardus (1882–1973), founder of USC's sociology department and creator of the social distance scale, extended the environmental account: leaders are products of their social situations.

Room II
The Idea in Context

The environmental theorists broke with the Great Man view: leadership emerges as a result of time, place, and circumstance. The number of great leaders is proportional to the number of conflicts a society engages.

The era: Time, Place & Circumstance — Leadership emerges as a result of time, place & circumstance; the number of great leaders is proportional to the number of conflicts engaged.

Room III
The Big Idea
The Enduring Contribution
The first serious claim that context — not just character — creates leaders.

Leadership emerges from time, place & circumstance.

Room IV
Landmark Works
1909
Mumford, The Origins of Leadership
Landmark Work
1918
Bogardus, Essentials of Social Psychology
Landmark Work
Room V
In the Discourse

This theory sits in the Time, Place & Circumstance era of the map: Leadership emerges as a result of time, place & circumstance; the number of great leaders is proportional to the number of conflicts engaged.

1903
Industrial Psychology
1911
Scientific Management
Room VI
In Practice

Map the circumstances — crises, transitions, vacuums — that are currently minting leaders around you.

Create stretch situations rather than waiting for talent to appear.

Room VII
Reflection Gallery
What circumstances made you?
Who on your team lacks only the situation, not the capacity?
Room VIII
Sources & Further Reading
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