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Combine all theories: traits, behavior, situation, exchange.
Gary Yukl (1940–2021), professor at the University at Albany, SUNY, wrote the field's standard graduate text, Leadership in Organizations, through eight editions. His hierarchical taxonomy of leader behavior and his integrative framework taught two generations of scholars that no single theory suffices.
Yukl's synthesis integrated the trait, behavior, power, and situational traditions into a comprehensive framework — the field's mature acknowledgment that no single lens suffices.
The era: Distributed & Complex — Distributed, dispersed, interdependent, embedded in interaction; leadership as learning; global competencies; combine all theories.
Combine all theories: traits, behavior, situation, exchange.
This theory sits in the Distributed & Complex era of the map: Distributed, dispersed, interdependent, embedded in interaction; leadership as learning; global competencies; combine all theories.
Diagnose with multiple lenses — trait, behavior, situation, relationship — before acting.
Build a flexible repertoire; integration beats allegiance to one theory.